Cells,Tissues,+Organs+and+Systems

• Be able to list the major functions of each of the four major animal tissue types. § Epithelial tissue (epithelium)-  Forming tight coverings protecting layer below. § Connective- Holding other tissues together, cells surrounded by lots of non-living material. § Muscle- Shortening and lengthing to move other tissues. § Nervous- Allowing rapid flows of ions in and out of conduct signals. • Distinguish between simple and stratified epithelial tissue. § Simple epithelium has only a single cell layer. Stratified epithelium has more than one layer of cells. • Compare and contrast the different types of connective tissues: Be able to list the function of each type. § Adipose tissue- Has enlarged fibroblasts storing fats and reduced intracellular matrix. Adipose tissue facilitates energy storage and insulation. § Fibrous Connective Tissue- Has many fibers of collagen closely packed together. FCT occurs in tendons, which connect muscle to bone. Ligaments are also composed of FCT and connect bone to bone at a joint. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cartilage- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Has structural proteins deposited in the matrix between cells. Cartilage is the softer of the two "rigid" connective tissues. Cartilage forms the embryonic skeleton of vertebrates and the adult skeleton of sharks and rays. It also occurs in the human body in the ears, tip of the nose, and at joints such as the knee and between bones of the spinal column. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Bone- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Has calcium salts in the matrix, giving it greater rigidity and strength. Bone also serves as a reservoir (or sink) for calcium. Protein fibers provide elasticity while minerals provide elasticity. Two types of bone occur. Dense bone has osteocytes (bone cells) located in lacunae connected by canaliculi. Lacunae are commonly referred to as Haversian canals. Spongy bone occurs at the ends of bones and has bony bars and plates separated by irregular spaces. The solid portions of spongy bone pick up stress. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Blood- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Is a connective tissue of cells separated by a liquid (plasma) matrix. Illustrations of blood cells are shown in Figure 9. Two types of cells occur. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen. White blood cells (leukocytes) function in the immune system. Plasma transports dissolved glucose, wastes, carbon dioxide and hormones, as well as regulating the water balance for the blood cells. Platelets are cell fragments that function in blood clotting. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">• Know the three types of muscle and be able to differentiate them visually and according to their functions. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Skeletal- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Have alternating bands perpendicular to the long axis of the cell. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Smooth- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Lack the banding, although actin and myosin still occur § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cardiac- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Are a type of striated muscle found only in the heart. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">• Know the characteristics of the various types of animal tissues. Learn the types of cells that compose each tissue type and be able to give some examples of organs that contain significant amounts of each tissue type. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Epithelial tissue (epithelium)- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif';">. Three types of epithelium occur <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">: Squamous epithelium is flattened cells, Cuboidal epithelium is cube-shaped cells, Columnar epithelium consists of elongated cells. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Connective- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Two types of connective tissue are Loose Connective Tissue (LCT) and Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT). Fibroblasts (LCT) are separated by a collagen fiber-containing matrix. Collagen fibers provide elasticity and flexibility. LCT occurs beneath epithelium in skin and many internal organs, such as lungs, arteries and the urinary bladder. This tissue type also forms a protective layer over muscle, nerves, and blood vessels. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Muscle- <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Skeletal: <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">These cells function in conjunction with the skeletal system for voluntary muscle movements. The bands are areas of actin and myosin deposition in the cells. Smooth: These cells function in involuntary movements and/or autonomic responses (such as breathing, secretion, ejaculation, birth, and certain reflexes). Smooth muscle fibers are spindle shaped cells that form masses. These fibers are components of structures in the digestive system, reproductive tract, and blood vessels. Cardiac: The cell has a bifurcated (or forked) shape, usually with the nucleus near the center of the cell. Found in the heart only. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">• Be able to discuss the meaning of the term gland, cite three examples of glands, and state the extracellular products secreted by each. § <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">An organ for secreting something to be used in, or eliminated from the body. § <span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">The sweat glands <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> of the skin excrete sweat. The salivary glands of the mouth excrete saliva. The prostate glands excrete semen. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">• Describe the basic features of connective tissue, and explain how the cells of this tissue type enable connective tissue to carry out its various tasks. <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Two types of connective tissue are Loose Connective Tissue (LCT) and Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT). Fibroblasts (LCT) are separated by a collagen fiber-containing matrix. Collagen fibers provide elasticity and flexibility. LCT occurs beneath epithelium in skin and many internal organs, such as lungs, arteries and the urinary bladder. This tissue type also forms a protective layer over muscle, nerves, and blood vessels. <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> • List three of the functions of blood. § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">To carry oxygen through the body § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">To carry nutrients through the body § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">To defend the body against infections and diseases <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;"> • List two functions of bone and/or cartilage. § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Support § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Protection § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Movement § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Mineral storage § <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Produce blood cells <span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">• Distinguish among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues in terms of location, structure, and function. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Skeletal- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Is the most abundant tissue in the vertebrate body. These muscles are attached to and bring about the movement of the various bones of the skeleton, hence the name skeletal muscles. The whole muscle, such as the biceps, is enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, the epimysium. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Smooth- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Smooth muscle is involuntary tissue, i.e. it is not controlled by the brain. Smooth muscle forms the muscle layers in the walls of hollow organs such as the digestive tract (lower part of the oesophagus, stomach and intestines), the walls of the bladder, the uterus, various ducts of glands and the walls of blood vessels. Is made up of thin-elongated muscle cells, fibres. § <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Cardiac- <span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">This is a unique tissue found only in the walls of the heart. Cardiac (Heart) Muscle Tissue shows some of the characteristics of smooth muscle and some of skeletal muscle tissue. The spaces between different fibres are filled with areolar connective tissue which contains blood capillaries to supply the tissue with the oxygen and nutrients.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 14pt;">Learning Objectives for Cells, Tissues, Organs and Systems __**

<span style="font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">• Muscle tissues contain specialized cells that can contract. • Neurons are organized as lines of communication