Comparative+Anatomy+and+Physiology+of+Digestion+in+Vertebrates


 * __Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Digestion in Vertebrates __**

//Describe // **the role of teeth in increasing the surface area of complex foods for exposure to digestive chemicals. ** Teeth break down the food we eat to make it easier for the digestive chemicals to breakdown the fibers and food. The surface area is increased to allow the juices to reach the whole area of the food.


 * I **//dentify // **data sources, gather, process, analyze and present information from secondary sources and use available evidence to compare the digestive systems of mammals, including a grazing herbivore, carnivore and a predominantly nectar feeding animal. **

 Fibre Cellulose || Fibre Cellulose- Plant cell walls || Sugars  sucrose, glucose, fructose ||  The cow tears grass from the field and grinds it between the two mouth parts. || delicately constructed and has only a few, minute teeth. The mandible (lower  jaw) is reduced to a thin flexible rod and is not suitable for the insertion of strong musculature or deep rooted  teeth. The incisors and canines are pointed but the cheek teeth are flattened pegs with rounded  tips and do not resemble the normal structure of mammalian teeth. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Examples of animals in this group || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Fox, lion, Wolf || //<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal;">Cow, Rabbit, Sheep, horse // || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Honey Feeder Possum ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Chemicals common in foods ingested by animal || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Protein
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Diagram of digestive system (cut & paste from internet) ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Comparison of system parts – teeth || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The great canine teeth are spaced such that they can slip between the cervical vertebrae and sever the spinal cord of animals. The shape of the back teeth, which are called carnassals instead of molars, makes them work like a pair of scissors, for cutting pieces of meat. The jaw is not capable of moving side-to-side. The rest of the teeth are conical, and designed for cutting and tearing. || <span style="color: #092700; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A cows mouth is adapted for grazing, the top part of the mouth is a hard pad and the bottom part a row of flat-topped teeth. Cows have 32 teeth in all, 8 incisors on the bottom part and 6 molars on the top and bottom parts on each side.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Comparison of system parts – stomach(s) || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">As carnivores are meat eaters they can digest they food very easily and gain their nutrients such as protein more easily than herbivores. They only need one stomach to do this. || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">A cow has only 1 stomach. There are 4 stomach chambers in a cow. As cows only consume fibres-plant cell walls it is harder for them to absorb these nutrients into their system this is why they have 4 stomachs || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">The stomach serves as a storage pouch for nectar. The oesophagus is line with ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Comparison of system parts – small intestine || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Because lions don't have to digest sugars they have the smaller small intestines than most animals because they re bodes aren t designed to absorb sugars. most chemical digestion is done n the small intestine and nutrient absorption. || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">large proportion of the digestion and absorption of nutrients and water occurs in the small intestine. Enzymes in the small intestine break nutrient molecules down into their building blocks. Carbohydrates are broken down to simple sugars (monosaccharides), fats into fatty acids, nucleic acids into nucleotides and proteins into amino acids. Some of these enzymes are on the surfaces of intestinal cells, while others are secreted into the small intestine, primarily from the liver and pancreas. || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Pollen is digested progressively in the small intestine. Experiments to show the passage of pollen through the intestines (remember it is hard to tell the small from the large) indicate that pollen is digested by the time it reaches the rectum. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Comparison of system parts – Caecum || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">In lions it controls the flow of liquids from the small intestine to the large intestine || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">controls flow of materials between small and large intestine || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Honey possums do not have caecum’s ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Comparison of system parts – Large Intestine || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Acts as incubator for microbes, turns indigestible material into faeces || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">undigestible material is passed trough to the large intestines and is turned in faeces || <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">Honey Feeder Possums do not have large intestines. As they only eat sugars they can digest these compounds of glucose very easily and only need one small intestine to absorb the nutrients. ||

__<span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Carnivore: __<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Digestive system is unable to break down the cell walls of plants. The digestive system cannot handle vegetation and they extract all the nutrients from raw meat products. __<span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Omnivore: __<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Digestive system is unable to break down the cellulose in the cell walls of plants, but other nutrients can be extracted and absorbed from plant material. Diet consists of a mix of vegetation and meat. __<span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Herbivore: __<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Uses the cellulose in the plant cell wall for nutrients. Grazing herbivores like cows have 4 stomachs that first ingest the food, which goes to the first stomach which then comes back up to the mouth in the form of cud, which the cow chews again and again until it goes through all the stomachs each stomach responsible for adding or breaking down the grass. __<span style="color: red; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Nectar feeding animals: __<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Nectar feeding animals have incredibly high metabolic rates which need a nutrient rich source to satisfy their system. That is why they feed on sweet nutrient rich nectar. The nectar feeder’s stomach has two digestive sacs; one is responsible for regular digestion, and another is used to store nectar.

//<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal;">Explain // **<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;">the relationship between the length and overall complexity of digestive systems of a vertebrate herbivore and a vertebrate carnivore with respect to: ** <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Herbivores have long digestive tracts because it takes a long time to absorb nutrients from the plant material which they eat. They typically have a large caecum with bacteria that produce enzymes to break down the cellulose in plant material. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Carnivores have shorter digestive tracts as they can quickly obtain nutrients from the meat they consume. They have a relatively small caecum as their diet only consists of small amounts of plant material. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;"> Human digestive systems can best be described as an omnivorous because of the length, enzyme production, and bacterial composition are a mix of carnivorous and herbivorous traits. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt;">Biology is Fun!!